Probably not.....but it will depend on a few things. 2 that immediately come to mind are the diameter of the motor shaft and whether or not the mounting hardware of the motor will match the motor bracket on the lathe. It would be a very big piece of luck if they did.
Judging from the picture, I am wondering if the bracket would support a much larger motor. If there was a way of adding support to take the extra weight, maybe. As said, you might have to drill additional mounting holes also.