Minerals like chrysocolla and howlite are used to make fake turquoise. Sometimes, turquoise is dyed and stabilized with resins to produce a harder stone that keep its color and polish. It's been found that plastic impregnation, sometimes with dye, improves durability and color. Reconstituted turquoise can be made from chips and "chalk." Dyes and plastic resins are added. Very few pieces of turquoise can, without enhancements, be highly polished, so most turquoise has been enhanced. Even high quality stones have their surfaces coated with paraffin wax, which seals them and enhances their polish.
This may be the raw minerals used.
Lapidary is another hobby of mine.
Mark